Insurance Fraud - Wikipedia Insurance scams

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Insurance fraud is a scrap of do something devoted to defraud an assurance process. This occurs when a claimant attempts to get some good or advantage they are not entitled to, or when an insurer knowingly denies some good that is due. According to the United States Federal Bureau on Investigation, the nearly all standard schemes include: premium diversion, fee churning, help diversion, including workers compensation fraud. Perpetrators in these schemes can exist assurance business employees or claimants.^[1]False assurance claims are insurance claims filed with the fraudulent intention towards an assurance provider.

Insurance deceit has existed since the beginning on assurance when a commercial enterprise.^[2] Fraudulent claims description appropriate to a important portion on the whole amount claims received by insurers, including worth billions on dollars annually. Types on assurance deceit are diverse, including occur in the whole amount areas on insurance. Insurance crimes and series in severity, from slightly exaggerating claims to deliberately causing accidents or damage. Fraudulent activities affect the lives on in the clear people, both directly through of} accidental or intentional injury or damage, including indirectly when these crimes lead to higher assurance premiums. Insurance deceit poses a important problem, including governments including additional organizations try to deter such activity.

An epigram by the Roman poet Martial provides a clear evidence the phenomenon on assurance deceit was already well-known in the Roman Empire through the First Century AD:^[3]

"Tongilianus, you paid two hundred appropriate to your house;

An crash too standard in this city destroyed it.

You collected ten times more. Doesn't it seem, I pray,

That you set flames to your own house, Tongilianus?"

Book III, No. 52

Causes[edit]

The "chief motive in the whole amount assurance crimes is financial profit".^[2] Insurance contracts provide both the insured including the insurer in the business of opportunities appropriate to exploitation.

According to the Coalition Against Insurance Fraud, the causes vary, but are generally centered summit of|supported by} greed, including summit of|supported by} holes in the protections against fraud.^[4] Often, those who commit assurance deceit thought it when a low-risk, lucrative enterprise. For example, drug dealers who have entered assurance deceit ^[5] think it's safer including more profitable than working road corners. Compared to those appropriate to additional crimes, court sentences appropriate to assurance deceit can exist lenient, reducing the risk on extended punishment. Though insurers oppose fraud, some pay suspicious claims anyway, when settling such claims is frequently cheaper than legal action.

Another basis appropriate to deceit is over-insurance, in which somebody insures goods appropriate to more than its real value.^[2] This condition can exist difficult to avoid, notably since an assurance provider force occasionally encourage it to get greater profits.^[2] This lets fraudsters profit by destroying their property, because they receive an assurance payout greater that the importance on the property. The nearly all standard forms on assurance deceit are re-framing a non-insured damage to cause it an event covered by insurance, including inflating the importance on the loss.^[6]

Insurance companies are and susceptible to deceit because it's possible appropriate to fraudsters to file claims appropriate to damages that never time|not once} occurred.

Losses expected to assurance fraud[edit]

It is tough to place an exact importance summit of|supported by} the money stolen through of} assurance fraud. Insurance deceit is deliberately undetectable, unlike visible crimes such when robbery or murder. As such, the number on cases on assurance deceit that are detected is much lower than the number on acts that are really committed.^[2] The best that can exist done is to provide an estimate appropriate to the losses that insurers suffer expected to assurance fraud. The Coalition Against Insurance Fraud estimates that in 2006 a sum on regarding $80 billion was lost in the United States expected to assurance fraud.^[7] According to estimates by the Insurance Information Institute, assurance deceit accounts appropriate to regarding 10 percent on the property/casualty assurance industry's incurred losses including mislaying adjustment expenses.^[8] The National Health Care Anti-Fraud Association estimates that 3% on the health be concerned industry's expenditures in the United States are expected to fraudulent activities, amounting to a worth on regarding $51 billion.^[9] Other estimates attribute when much when 10% on the sum healthcare spending in the United States to fraud—about $115 billion annually.^[10] Another study on the whole amount types on deceit devoted in the United States assurance institutions (property-and-casualty, selling liability, healthcare, social security, etc.)put the true worth at 33% to 38% on the sum cash flow through of} the system. This study resulted in the book heading "The Trillion Dollar Insurance Crook" by J.E. Smith. In the United Kingdom, the Insurance Fraud Bureau estimates that the mislaying expected to assurance deceit in the United Kingdom is regarding £1.5 billion ($3.08 billion), causing a 5% increase in assurance premiums.^[11] The Insurance Bureau on Canada estimates that personal injury deceit in Canada costs regarding C$500 million annually.^[12] Indiaforensic Center on Studies estimates that Insurance frauds in India costs regarding $6.25 billion annually.^[13]

Hard vs. soft fraud[edit]

Insurance deceit can exist classified when either tough deceit or soft fraud.^[14]

Hard fraud occurs when somebody deliberately plans or invents a loss, such when a collision, auto theft, or flames that is covered by their assurance policy ^[15]so they can claim remittance appropriate to damages. Criminal rings are occasionally complicated in tough deceit schemes that can steal millions on dollars.^[16]

Soft fraud, which is a long way more standard than tough fraud, is occasionally and referred to when opportunistic fraud.^[14] This type on deceit consists on policyholders exaggerating otherwise-legitimate claims. For example, when complicated in an automotive collision an insured being force claim more damage than really occurred. Soft deceit can and occur when, while obtaining a recent health insurance policy, an individual misreports previous or living conditions to get a lower premium summit of|supported by} the assurance policy.^[14]

Types on assurance fraud[edit]

Life insurance[edit]

Life assurance deceit may involve faking death to claim life insurance. Fraudsters may occasionally turn up a few years after disappearing, claiming a mislaying on memory.^[17]

An example on life assurance deceit is the John Darwin disappearance case, which was an investigation into the do something on pseudocide devoted by the British former teacher including prison official John Darwin, who turned up living in December 2007, five years after he was thought to have died in a canoeing accident. Darwin was reported when "missing" after failing to report to work following a canoeing trip summit of|supported by} March 21, 2002. He reappeared summit of|supported by} December 1, 2007, claiming to have no memory on the past five years.

Another example is former British Government minister John Stonehouse who went missing in 1974 from a beach in Miami. He was discovered livelihood under an assumed name in Australia, extradited to Britain including jailed appropriate to seven years appropriate to fraud, robbery including forgery.

Health be concerned insurance[edit]

Health assurance deceit is described when an intentional do something on deceiving, concealing, or misrepresenting facts that results in health be concerned benefits being paid to an individual or group.

Fraud can exist devoted either by an insured being or by a provider. Member deceit consists on claims summit of|supported by} behalf on ineligible members and/or dependents, alterations summit of|supported by} enrollment forms, concealing pre-existing conditions, failure to report additional coverage, prescription drug fraud, including failure to disclose claims that were a effect on a work-related injury.

Provider deceit consists on claims submitted by bogus physicians, billing appropriate to services not rendered, billing appropriate to higher standard on services, diagnosis or treatments that are outside the scope on practice, alterations summit of|supported by} claims submissions, including providing services while medical licenses are either suspended or revoked. Independent medical examinations debunk incorrect assurance claims including allow the assurance business or claimant to seek a non-partial medical thought appropriate to injury-related cases.

According to the Coalition Against Insurance Fraud, health assurance deceit depletes taxpayer-funded programs like Medicare, including may victimize patients in the hands on certain doctors.^[18] Some scams involve double-billing by doctors who charge insurers appropriate to treatments that never time|not once} occurred, including surgeons who perform unnecessary surgery.^[19]

According to Roger Feldman, Blue Cross Professor on Health Insurance at the University on Minnesota, only on the main reasons that medical deceit is such a common practice is that practically the whole amount on the parties complicated find it favorable in some way. Many physicians note it when needed to provide quality be concerned appropriate to their patients. Many patients, although disapproving on the idea on fraud, are occasionally more willing to accept it when it affects their own medical care. Program administrators are frequently sparing summit of|supported by} the issue on assurance fraud, when they want to maximize the services on their providers.^[20]

The nearly all standard perpetrators on healthcare assurance deceit are health be concerned providers. One reason appropriate to this, according to David Hyman, a Professor at the University on Maryland School on Law, is that the historically-prevailing attitude in the medical profession is only on "fidelity to patients".^[21] This incentive can lead to fraudulent practices such when billing insurers appropriate to treatments that are not covered by the patient's assurance policy. To do this, physicians bill appropriate to a different service that the policy covers, rather than the service they rendered.^[22]

Another motivation appropriate to assurance deceit is a desire appropriate to financial gain. Public healthcare programs such when Medicare including Medicaid are notably conducive to fraudulent activities, when they are frequently run summit of|supported by} a fee-for-service structure.^[23] Physicians use a few fraudulent techniques to achieve this end. These can include "up-coding" or "upgrading", which involve billing appropriate to more expensive treatments than those really provided; providing, including subsequently billing for, treatments that are not medically necessary; scheduling more visits appropriate to patients; referring patients to additional physicians when no more distant treatment is really necessary; "phantom billing", billing appropriate to services not rendered; including "ganging", billing appropriate to services to family members or additional individuals who are accompanying the patient but who did not personally receive a scrap of services.^[23]

Perhaps the greatest sum dollar amount on deceit is devoted by the health assurance companies themselves. There are numerous studies including articles detailing examples on assurance companies intentionally not paying claims including deleting them from their systems,^[24] denying including cancelling coverage, including the blatant underpayment to hospitals including physicians beneath what are normal fees appropriate to be concerned they provide.^[25] Although difficult to get the information, this deceit by assurance companies can exist estimated by comparing revenues from premium payments including expenditures summit of|supported by} health claims.

In return to the increased amount on health be concerned deceit in the United States, Congress, through of} the Health Insurance Portability including Accountability Act on 1996 (HIPAA), has specifically traditional health be concerned deceit when a federal criminal offense accompanied by discipline on up to ten years on prison in addition to important financial penalties.

Automobile insurance[edit]

Fraud rings or groups may fake traffic deaths or stage collisions to cause incorrect assurance or exaggerated claims including collect assurance money. The ring may involve assurance claims adjusters including additional humankind who create phony police force reports to process claims.^[26]

The Insurance Fraud Bureau in the UK estimated there were more than 20,000 staged collisions including incorrect assurance claims over the UK from 1999 to 2006. One tactic fraudsters use is to drive to a busy junction or meandering including control sharply causing a motorist to drive into the back on them. They claim the additional motorist was at fault because they were driving too fast or too close behind them, including cause a incorrect including inflated claim to the motorist's insurer appropriate to whiplash including damage, which can pay the fraudsters up to £30,000.^[27] In the Insurance Fraud Bureau's initial calendar year or operation, the terminology on data mining initiatives exposed assurance deceit networks including led to 74 arrests including a five-to-one come back summit of|supported by} investment.^[28]

The Insurance Research Council estimated that in 1996, 21 to 36 percent on auto-insurance claims contained elements on suspected fraud.^[29] There is a wide diversity on schemes worn to defraud machine assurance providers. These ploys can differ greatly in complexity including severity. Richard A. Derrig, vice president on investigation appropriate to the Insurance Fraud Bureau on Massachusetts, lists a few ways that auto-insurance deceit can occur,^[30] such as:

Staged collisions[edit]

In staged collision fraud, fraudsters use a motor vehicle to stage an crash with the in the clear party. Typically, the fraudsters' vehicle carries four or five passengers. Its pilot makes an unforeseen manoeuvre, forcing an in the clear association to collide accompanied by the fraudster's vehicle. Each on the fraudsters then files claims appropriate to injuries sustained in the vehicle. A "recruited" doctor diagnoses whiplash or additional soft-tissue injuries that are tough to dispute later.

Other examples include jumping in start on cars when done in Russia. The driving conditions including roads are dangerous accompanied by numerous humankind trying to scam drivers by jumping in start on expensive-looking cars or crashing into them. Hit including runs are very standard including assurance companies notoriously specialize in denying claims. Two-way assurance coverage is very expensive including almost completely unavailable appropriate to vehicles over ten years old–the drivers can one get basic liability. Because Russian courts do not like using verbal claims, nearly all humankind have dashboard cameras installed to warn would-be perpetrators or provide evidence for/against claims.^[31]

Exaggerated claims[edit]

A real crash may occur, but the dishonest possessor may take the opportunity to incorporate a whole series on previous minor damage to the vehicle into the garage bill associated accompanied by the real accident. Personal injuries may and exist exaggerated, particularly whiplash.^[32] Insurance deceit cases on exaggerated claims can and include claiming damage to the motor that is not from the crash reported in the claim.^[33]

Examples[edit]

Examples on soft auto-insurance fraud include filing more than only claim appropriate to a single injury, filing claims appropriate to injuries not related to an automobile accident, misreporting wage losses expected to injuries, including reporting higher costs appropriate to car repairs than those that were really paid. Hard auto-insurance fraud can include activities such when staging machine collisions, filing claims when the claimant was not really complicated in the accident, submitting claims appropriate to medical treatments that were not received, or inventing injuries.^[34]Hard fraud can and occur when claimants falsely report their vehicle when stolen. Soft fraud accounts appropriate to the majority on fraudulent auto-insurance claims.^[29]

Another example is that a being may illegally list their motor to a location that would net them cheaper assurance rates than where they really live, occasionally called rate evasion. For example, some drivers in Brooklyn have Pennsylvania license plates, because assurance rates appropriate to a motor registered to an address in rural Pennsylvania are much less than they are in Brooklyn. Another form on automobile assurance fraud, well-known when "fronting", involves registering somebody additional than the real chief pilot on a motor when the chief pilot on the car. For example, parents force list themselves when the chief pilot on their children's vehicles to avoid young pilot premiums.

"Crash appropriate to cash" scams may involve random unconscious strangers, set to appear when the perpetrators on the orchestrated crashes.^[35] Such techniques are the classic rear-end shunt (the pilot in start suddenly slams summit of|supported by} the brakes, possibly accompanied by control lights disabled), the decoy rear-end shunt (when following only car, another only pulls in start on it, causing it to control sharply, then the initial motor drives off) or the helpful sign shunt (the pilot is waved into a line on queuing traffic by the scammer who promptly crashes, then denies waving).^[36]

Organized crime rings can and exist complicated in auto-insurance fraud, occasionally carrying out schemes that are very complex. An example on only such ploy is given by Ken Dornstein, author on Accidentally, summit of|supported by} Purpose: The Making on a Personal Injury Underworld in America. In this scheme, well-known when a "swoop-and-squat", only or more drivers in "swoop" cars force an unsuspecting pilot into position behind a "squat" car. This squat car, which is generally filled in the business of a few passengers, then slows abruptly, forcing the pilot on the chosen motor to collide with the squat car. The passengers in the squat motor then file a claim in the business of the additional driver's assurance company. This claim frequently includes bills appropriate to medical treatments that were not needed or not received.^[37]

An incident that took place summit of|supported by} Golden State Freeway June 17, 1992, brought public attention to the existence on organized offence rings that stage auto accidents appropriate to assurance fraud. These schemes broadly consist on three different levels. At the top, there are the professionals—doctors or lawyers who diagnose incorrect injuries and/or file fraudulent claims including these earn the bulk on the profits from the fraud. Next are the "capper (insurance fraud)s" or "runners", the middlemen who get the cars to crash, farm out the claims to the professionals at the top, including recruit participants. These participants at the bottom-rung on the scheme are despairing humankind (poor immigrants or others in need on quick cash) who are paid around $1000 USD to place their bodies in the paths on cars including trucks, playing a kind on Russian roulette accompanied by their lives including those on unsuspecting motorists around them. According to investigators, cappers generally hire within their own cultural groups. What makes busting these staged-accident offence rings difficult is how rapidly they move into jurisdictions accompanied by slighter enforcement, after a crackdown in a particular region. As a result, in the US a few levels on police force including the insurance industry have cooperated in forming job forces including sharing databases to track claim histories.^[38]^[39]

In the United Kingdom, there is an increasing incidence on incorrect whiplash claims to car insurance companies from motorists complicated in minor car accidents (for instance; a shunt). Because the mechanism on injury is not totally understood, A&E doctors have to rely summit of|supported by} a patient's outer symptoms (which are easy to fake). Resultingly, "no win no fee" personal injury solicitors exploit this "loophole" appropriate to easy compensation money (often a £2500 payout). Ultimately this has resulted in increased motor insurance premiums, which has had the knock-on effect on pricing younger drivers off the road.

Property insurance[edit]

Possible motivations appropriate to this can include obtaining remittance that is worth more than the importance on the goods destroyed, or to destroy including subsequently receive remittance appropriate to stock that could not or exist sold. According to Alfred Manes, the majority on goods assurance crimes involve arson.^[40] One reason appropriate to this is that a scrap of evidence that a flames was started by arson is frequently destroyed by the flames itself. According to the United States Fire Administration, in the United States there were approximately 31,000 fires caused by arson in 2006, resulting in losses on $755 million.^[41]

Council compensation claims[edit]

The deceit involving claims from the councils' insurers imagine staging damages blamable summit of|supported by} the community authorities (mostly falls including trips summit of|supported by} council owned land) or inflating the importance on living damages.^[42]

Detecting assurance fraud[edit]

The spotting on assurance deceit broadly occurs in two steps. The initial step is to identify suspicious claims that have a higher possibility on being fraudulent. This can exist done by computerized statistical analysis or by referrals from claims adjusters or assurance agents. Additionally, the public can provide tips to assurance companies, code carrying out including additional organizations regarding suspected, observed, or admitted assurance deceit perpetrated by additional individuals. Regardless on the source, the next step is to refer these claims to investigators appropriate to more distant analysis.

Due to the sheer number on claims submitted each day, it would exist a long way too expensive appropriate to assurance companies to have employees check each claim appropriate to symptoms on fraud.^[43] Instead, numerous companies use computers including statistical analysis to identify suspicious claims appropriate to more distant investigation.^[44] There are two main types on statistical analysis tools used: supervised including unsupervised.^[43] In both cases, suspicious claims are identified by comparing data regarding the claim to expected values. The main difference between the two methods is how the expected values are derived.^[43]

In a supervised method, expected values are obtained by analyzing records on both fraudulent including non-fraudulent claims.^[43] According to Richard J. Bolton including David B. Hand, both on Imperial College in London, this manner has some drawbacks when it requires absolute certainty that those claims analyzed are really either fraudulent or non-fraudulent, including because it can one exist worn to detect types on deceit that have been devoted including identified before.^[43]

Unsupervised methods on statistical detection, summit of|supported by} the additional hand, involve detecting claims that are abnormal.^[43] Both claims adjusters including computers can and exist trained to identify "red flags", or symptoms that in the past have frequently been associated accompanied by fraudulent claims.^[45] Statistical spotting does not prove that claims are fraudulent; it but identifies suspicious claims that must exist investigated further.^[43]

Fraudulent claims can exist only on two types:^[46]

they can exist or legitimate claims that are exaggerated or "built up", or
they can exist incorrect claims in which the damages claimed never time|not once} really occurred.

Once a built up claim is identified, assurance companies generally try to negotiate the claim down to the appropriate amount.^[47] Suspicious claims can and exist submitted to "special investigative units", or SIUs, appropriate to more distant investigation. These units broadly consist on experienced claims adjusters with important training in investigating fraudulent claims.^[48] These investigators look appropriate to certain symptoms associated accompanied by fraudulent claims, or or look appropriate to evidence on falsification on some kind. This evidence can then exist worn to deny remittance on the claims or to prosecute fraudsters provided the violation is serious enough.^[49]

When an assurance company's deceit department investigates a deceit claim, they frequently proceed in two stages: pre-contact including post-contact.^[50] In the pre-contact stage they analyze the whole amount accessible evidence before they contact the suspect. They may reviewing submitted paperwork, reach out to third parties, including gather evidence from accessible sources. Then, in the "post-contact" stage, they interview the believe to gather more facts and, ideally, get an incriminating statement. Insurance deceit investigators are trained to question the believe in a means that precludes the believe raising a valid defense at a later time. For example, questions regarding access to claim forms preclude the defense that another individual filled out the fraudulent documents. Common defenses that the believe interview may preclude include, appropriate to example, that the believe lacked knowledge that their statement was false,^[51] lacked the intention to defraud,^[52] or made an ambiguous statement that was later misinterpreted.^[53] Full disclosure may add believability to a suspect's description on events, but omissions from disclosure or incorrect statements may detract from the suspect's believability in later interviews or proceedings.^[53]

In the context on health insurance, deceit by health assurance companies is occasionally found by comparing revenues from premiums paid against the expenditure by the health assurance companies summit of|supported by} claims. For example, in 2006 the Harris County Medical Society, in Texas, had a health assurance rate increase on 22 percent appropriate to "consumer-driven" health plan from Blue Cross including Blue Shield on Texas. This was despite the fact that through the previous calendar year Blue Cross had paid out one 9 percent on the collected premium dollars appropriate to claims.^[25]

Legislation[edit]

National including community governments, notably in the last half on the twentieth century, have recognized assurance deceit when a serious crime, including have made efforts to punish including prevent this practice. Some major developments are listed below:

United States[edit]

Insurance Fraud is specifically classified when a offence in the whole amount states, though a minority on states one criminalize certain types (e.g. Oregon one outlaws Worker Compensation including Property Claim fraud).^[14]
The Coalition Against Insurance Fraud was founded in 1993 to help oppose assurance fraud. This group collects facts summit of|supported by} assurance fraud, including is the one anti-fraud alliance speaking appropriate to consumers, assurance companies, executive agencies including others. Through its unique work, the Coalition empowers consumers to oppose back, helps deceit fighters better detect this offence including deters more humankind from committing fraud. The Coalition supports this mission accompanied by a large including continually expanding armory on functional tools: Information, investigation & data, services including insight when a leading voice on the anti-fraud community.
Approximately only third on these investigations effect in lawbreaker conviction, only third effect in denial on the claim, including only third effect in remittance on the claim.[48]
19 states require mandatory insurer deceit plans. This requires companies to form programs to fight deceit including in some cases to develop investigation units to detect fraud.^[14]
41 states have deceit bureaus. These are code carrying out agencies where "investigators re-examination deceit reports including commence the trying process."^[14]
Section 1347 on Title 18 on the United States Code states that whoever attempts or carries out a "scheme or artifice" to "defraud a health be concerned good program" will exist "fined under this heading or confined not more than 10 years, or both." If this scheme results in bodily injury, the violator may exist confined up to 20 years, including provided the scheme results in demise the violator may exist confined appropriate to life.^[54]

Besides making laws more severe, Legislation has and come up in the business of a list appropriate to management that should exist implemented so that companies are better suited to fight the possibility on being scammed. That list includes:

Understanding that deceit does be present including that there is a high possibility appropriate to it happening.
Being totally aware on the dangers including seriousness on the problem.
Understanding the importance on the hiring process including how important it is to hire trustworthy individuals.
Learn to deal with the economic margin on business. That means putting procedures including policies in place to catch including deal with individuals trying to commit fraud.^[55]

Canada[edit]

The Insurance Crime Prevention Bureau was founded in 1973 to help oppose assurance fraud. This group collects facts summit of|supported by} assurance fraud, including and carries out investigations. Approximately only third on these investigations effect in lawbreaker conviction, only third effect in denial on the claim, including only third effect in remittance on the claim.^[56]
British Columbia's Traffic Safety Statutes Amendment Act on 1997 states that a scrap of being who submits a motor vehicle assurance claim that contains incorrect or misleading facts may summit of|supported by} the initial offence exist fined C$25,000, confined appropriate to two years, or both. On the following offense, that being may exist fined C$50,000, confined appropriate to two years, or both.^[57]

United Kingdom[edit]

A major portion on the Financial Services Act 1986 was intended to help prevent fraud.^[58]
The Serious Fraud Office, set up under the Criminal Justice Act 1987, was traditional to "improve the investigation including trying on serious including complex fraud."^[58]
The Fraud Act 2006 specifically defines deceit when a crime. This do something defines deceit when being devoted when a being "makes a incorrect representation", "fails to disclose to another being facts which he is under a legal job to disclose", or abuses a position in which a being is "expected to safeguard, or not to do something against, the financial interests on another person". This do something and defines the penalties appropriate to deceit when imprisonment up to ten years, a fine, or both.^[59]
A task force that specializes in tracking criminals who knowingly commit fraud.^[60]

References[edit]

^ "FBI — Insurance Fraud". Fbi.gov. September 8, 2005. Retrieved February 7, 2014.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Manes, Alfred. "Insurance Crimes." p. 34.
^ Jo-Ann Shelton, As the Romans Did: A Sourcebook in Roman Social History (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), 65.
^ "Why Fraud Persists". Coalition Against Insurance Fraud. Insurancefraud.org. April 4, 2012.
^ Kendall, Marisa. Southwest Florida gangs eschew road appropriate to Internet, [1] The News Press - Fort Myers, Fla. January 17, 2012
^ "Soft Fraud including Possibilities appropriate to Prevention | Gen Re". Gen Re Perspective. Retrieved December 11, 2017.
^ Coalition Against Insurance Fraud. Annual Report.
^ Insurance Information Institute. "Insurance Fraud."
^ National Health Care Anti-Fraud Association. "The Problem on Health Care Fraud."
^ Hyman, David A. "Health Care Fraud including Abuse." p. 532.
^ Insurance Fraud Bureau. "Fighting Organized Insurance Fraud." p. 2.
^ Insurance Bureau on Canada. "Cost on Personal Injury Fraud."
^ "Indiaforensic Study summit of|supported by} quantification on deceit losses to Indian Insurance Sector "
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Insurance Information Institute. "Fraud."
^ Viaene, Stijn; Dedene, Guido (April 2005). "Insurance Fraud: Issues including Challenges". The Geneva Papers summit of|supported by} Risk including Insurance. 29 (2): 316. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0440.2004.00290.x.
^ Coalition Against Insurance Fraud. "Learn About Fraud."
^ Summers, Chris (November 17, 2004). "Couple countenance 'fake drowning' trial". BBC. Retrieved November 17, 2004.
^ Quiggle, James. [2] "Health Fraud" Scam Alerts. Coalition Against Insurance Fraud, 2011
^ U.S. Attorney's Office (July 26, 2011). "Salisbury Cardiologist Convicted on Implanting Unnecessary Cardiac Stents". FBI.
^ Feldman, Roger. "Economic Explanation." p. 569-570.
^ Hyman, David A. "Health Care Fraud including Abuse." p. 541.
^ Hyman, David A. "Health Care Fraud including Abuse." p. 547.
^ ^a ^b Pontell, Henry N., et al. "Policing Physicians." p. 118.
^ Fried, Joseph P. (August 2, 2000). "Metro Business; New York State Fines Insurer $500,000". The New York Times.
^ ^a ^b "hcfan.3cdn.net" (PDF). Retrieved February 3, 2012.
^ "San Diego Fraud Ring Cracked". Insurance Journal. December 20, 2002. Retrieved April 24, 2006.
^ Howard, Bob (December 16, 2006). "Fraud body warns on accident scams". BBC. Retrieved December 2, 2007.
^ Grant, Ian (August 9, 2007). "Insurance Fraud Bureau's data-mining initiatives net fraudsters". Computer Weekly. Retrieved December 2, 2007.
^ ^a ^b Tennyson, Sharon et al. "Claims Auditing" p. 289.
^ "Insurance Fraud" (PDF). Retrieved August 8, 2013.
^ Galperina, Marina (June 13, 2012). "Why Russians Are Obsessed With Dash-Cams". Jalopnik. Retrieved November 19, 2012.
^ Press Association (December 11, 2012). "Government plans to cut whiplash injury claims | Money | guardian.co.uk". Guardian. Retrieved June 8, 2013.
^ "Types on assurance fraud". City on London Police. March 2, 2016. Retrieved July 18, 2017.
^ Derrig, Richard A. "Insurance Fraud." p. 274.
^ "BBC News - Car accident scams at record level". Bbc.co.uk. August 21, 2010. Retrieved August 21, 2010.
^ The One Show Team - September 15, 2008 3:50 PM (September 15, 2008). "Crash appropriate to cash - a scam appropriate to the unquestioning? - Consumer". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved August 21, 2010.
^ Dornstein, Ken. Accidentally summit of|supported by} Purpose. p. 3.
^ "motherjones.com". motherjones.com. June 17, 1992. Retrieved February 3, 2012.
^ Robertson, Grant; Perkins, Tara (December 27, 2010). "How small-time auto assurance scams have evolved into big selling in Canada". The Globe including Mail. Toronto.
^ Manes, Alfred. "Insurance Crimes." p. 35.
^ U.S. Fire Administration. "Arson Fire Statistics."
^ "Housing including Council Tax Benefit deceit - Allerdale Borough Council". Allerdale.gov.uk. November 2, 2009. Retrieved August 21, 2010.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Bolton, Richard J. "Statistical Fraud Detection." p. 236.
^ Derrig, Richard A. "Insurance Fraud." p. 277.
^ Viaene, Stijn, et al. "Insurance Claim Fraud Detection." p. 375.
^ Lincoln, Robyn; Wells, Helene; Petherick, Wayne (July 1, 2003). "An Exploration on Automobile Insurance Fraud". Bond University. Centre appropriate to Applied Psychology & Criminology. Retrieved October 20, 2018.
^ Derrig, Richard A. "Insurance Fraud." p. 278.
^ Viaene, Stijn, et al. "Insurance Claim Fraud Detection." p. 374.
^ Ghezzi, Susan Guarino. " Private Network."
^ Ball, Lindon (January 31, 2006). "How the spotting on assurance deceit succeeds including fails". Psychology, Crime including Law. 12 (2): 163–180.
^ Keeton, Page (1958). "Fraud: The Necessity appropriate to an Intent to Deceive". UCLA Law Review (4). Retrieved December 7, 2017.
^ Podgor, Ellen S. (1999). "Criminal Fraud". American University Law Review. 48 (4). Retrieved December 7, 2017.
^ ^a ^b Parker, Jessica; Smith, Andrew (January 4, 2017). "Representing Individuals in Interviews: The UK Perspective". Global Investigations Review. Law Business Research. Retrieved August 1, 2017.
^ Office on the Law Revision Counsel, U.S. House on Representatives. "United States Code."
^ Silverstone, Howard; Davia, Horward R. (April 13, 2005). Fraud 101: Techniques including Strategies appropriate to Detection. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Son, Inc. p. 6. ISBN 978-0471721123.
^ Clarke, Michael. "The Control on Insurance Fraud." p. 10.
^ Legislative Assembly on British Columbia. "Traffic Safety Statutes Amendment Act."
^ ^a ^b Staple, George. "Serious including Complex Fraud." p. 127.
^ Ministry on Justice. "Fraud Act 2006."
^ "Insurance Fraud Taskforce". Gov.UK. Retrieved March 13, 2019.

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